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The aftermath of the previous chapter’s civil war left the tribe of Benjamin bearing on extinction, especially after the Israelite oath to refuse their daughters in marriage to the Benjamites. The dilemma was how to therefore provide wives for the Benjamites to make possible the tribe’s survival. This problem was partially solved by killing all men and women of Jabesh Gilead who had failed to assemble before the Lord at Mizpah, except the virgins, and this provided 400 wives for Benjamin, though this was not enough. So a scheme was elaborated for the annual festival at Shiloh whereby the Benjamin men seized wives from the dancing girls of Shiloh without them actually being given! All this happened in the days that Israel had no king and when everyone did as they saw fit.

The result of the abominable happenings with the concubine in the previous chapter was full-scale civil war in Israel. For as the word spread about the concubine’s murder Israel united to punish the city of Gibeah and the Benjamites. Israel demanded that the men who committed the heinous crime be surrendered to face capital punishment, but the Benjamites refused.

There therefore ensued a series of battles between Israel as a whole, versus the Benjamites, with initially the latter prevailing killing 40,000 men. However in the third battle things were inverted with Israel defeating Benjamin killing 25,100 men and taking and burning the city of Gibeah. They then went on to take and burn the surrounding towns and villages with just 600 Benjamin fighters surviving.

A Levite from Ephraim took a concubine from Bethlehem, but she betrayed him, left him and returned to her father. 4 months later the Levite went after her and was well received by her father. After spending a few days there he left with his concubine, and on the journey they decided to spend the night at Gibeah, inhabited by Benjamites, where they were put up at an old man’s house.

During the night a group of men came banging on the door wanting to have sex with the Levite in Sodomite fashion! The old man resisted and offered his virgin daughter and the concubine in his place, but this the men refused. Faced by this clash of wills eventually the concubine was given to the men to rape and abuse her all night long, and at daybreak she was returned without life. The Levite cut his concubine into 12 parts and sent them to all areas of Israel.

The Danites were for some reason looking for a new home as they had already received land from Joshua. They sent out 5 men to spy out new options, and when they met Micah’s private Levite priest they consulted him as to whether God would bless their mission which he answered positively. The 5 went on to Laish which they found to be prosperous and temptingly vulnerable, so they reported this to their people.

The Danites therefore sent out 600 warriors to conquer Laish and on the way they stole Micah’s gods, ephod and carved image. They also took his private Levite priest to be their own tribal priest. Then they attacked Laish and burned down the city renaming it Dan after rebuilding it. They set up their idols, and Gershom, son of Moses and his sons were the priests for their tribe!

The last 5 chapters of Judges are very different from the first 16. No judges appear, the problem is not the philistines but rather the lack of a centralized government or king. “The reading here is unedifying” (Cundall & Morris) and reflects the precarious tendency in Israel towards pagan idolatry. The spirit of the age was a spirit of free for all when “everyone did as he saw fit”!

In chapter 17 Micah admitted to having stolen 13 kg of silver from his mother, he returned it and she forgave him. Micah’s mother then took part of this and had made an image and an idol which she solemnly consecrated to the Lord!

Micah had a shrine, had an ephod and some idols and installed one of his sons as priest! Then later he employed a young Levite as priest believing that this would be pleasing to the Lord! Such steps reflect an unbelievable level of syncretism!

One day Samson went to Gaza where he spent a night with a prostitute. When the people heard he was there they waylaid him aiming to kill him at dawn at the city gate. However Samson got up in the night, took hold of the doors of the city gate plus the posts and bar and carried them to the top of a hill!

Some time later he fell in love with Delilah. Samson had a problem with women, but this time was to be his final downfall. For the Philistine rulers asked Delilah to discover what was the secret source of his extraordinary strength. Samson strung Delilah along every time she asked him for the secret of his strength. First he said the secret was by tying him up with 7 fresh thongs. Then he said the secret was new ropes. Then came another lie involving the 7 braids of his head. However every time Delilah tried these things they came to nothing.  Nevertheless Delilah kept on nagging Samson until one day he finally caved in telling her the truth that the secret of his strength was in his Nazarite vow and that he had never cut his hair. So the Philistines were able to capture him, gouge out his eyes, put him in bronze shackles and set him to grinding in the prison. But his hair started to grow again!

Then the Philistines organized a celebration in their temple to their god Dagon rejoicing at the capture and demise of Samson. There were about 3,000 people in the temple looking at Samson leaning against the temple’s 2 central pillars. So Samson asked God for strength one more time as he pushed the pillars with all his might. The temple collapsed killing everyone so that Samson “killed many more when he died than while he lived”.

Samson was infuriated that his ex-wife had been given to a friend, especially when he had second thoughts about her but was refused access to her by her father. Samson therefore came up with a plan of vengeance catching 100 foxes, tying burning torches to their tales and decimating the Philistines crops in the process. The Philistines therefore burnt Samson’s ex-wife and ex-father-in-law to death, and captured Samson tying him up. Samson however broke free and killed a thousand of them with the jaw-bone of a donkey! Then Samson found himself dying of thirst but God quenched his thirst and restored his strength through fresh water from a spring. And Samson led Israel as judge for 20 years.

Samson grew up and fell in love with a Philistine woman much to his parents’ displeasure. Whilst in the courting process Samson was attacked by a young lion, but the Spirit of the Lord came upon him and he ripped the lion apart with his bare hands. Some time later, when he went back to marry, he saw a swarm of bees in the lion’s carcass with honey, and him and his parents ate the honey.

In the 7-day wedding feast Samson set his 30 Philistine companions a riddle to solve within the 7 days, promising a prize of clothes for each of them if they could solve the riddle. However if they failed they would have to present him with 30 sets of clothing. The men struggled in vain to solve the riddle so they threatened his wife if she didn’t discover it for them. When she did this Samson was furious and he went and killed 30 Philistines to get their clothes for the prize! But Samson’s marriage was soon over and his wife was given to a friend.

Following the death of judge Abdon the Israelites abandoned God’s way and he punished them with 40 years of Philistine domination as a consequence.

Then a man called Manoah, who had a sterile wife, received a visit from the angel of the Lord telling her she was to have a child who would be a Nazarite (Numbers 6) and when he was born she wasn’t allowed to cut his hair. As from that moment the woman could not drink anything fermented or eat anything unclean. When she shared the good news with Manoah, her husband, he prayed that the angel of the Lord would re-appear to them.

Then the angel of the Lord did re-appear and confirmed all he had said the first time, but Manoah didn’t realize who he was. Manoah offered him food which he refused, but he suggested he could offer a burnt offering unto the Lord. When Manoah burnt the offering the angel of the Lord went up in the flame making him finally realize who he was. So it was that the couple had a son whom they called Samson and he grew in God’s blessing with his spirit stirring in him.

In this chapter a civil war broke out between the Gileadites and the Ephraimites. It started because the Ephraimites were angry at not having been called to join the fight against the Ammonites. Probably they felt the lack of prestige and missed out on the bounty! The ensuing battle saw a great defeat of the Ephraimites with the loss of 42,000 men! The victorious Jephthah remained strong and led Israel for 6 years.

Following Jephthah the next judge of Israel, the 10th, was Ibzan of Bethlehem who had 30 sons and 30 daughters and who ruled for 7 years. Ibzan was followed by Elon the Zebulunite who was judge for 10 years. The 12th judge was Abdon who led Israel for 8 years. He had 40 sons and 30 grandsons who all rode donkeys.

Jephthah was a mighty warrior – son of Gilead with a prostitute – and he was driven away by the legitimate sons of Gilead. However when the potential Ammonite conflict was imminent they went after Jephthah asking him to lead them into battle. Jephthah initially resisted the idea, but eventually agreed as they promised him he would head over all.

Initially Jephthah attempted a peaceful negotiated settlement with the Ammonites but this was unsuccessful. Then the Spirit of God came upon Jephthah and he made a rash vow telling the Lord that he would sacrifice whatever came out of his front door if her returned from battle victorious. Thus Jephthah had victory in his battle with the Ammonites and devasted 20 of their towns. However he was gutted with he got home to be met by his only daughter and he told her of his vow! She accepted her destiny but asked for 2 months to prepare for this. Then Jephthah killed his only child and offered her as a burnt offering to God, and her biggest regret seems to have been that she died a virgin without getting married.

After the time of Abimelech a judge named Tola rose to save Israel and he led for 23 years. He was followed by Jair of Gilead who led Israel for 22 years. Jair had 30 donkey-riding sons who controlled 30 towns in Gilead.

After 45 years of peace and blessing the Israelites again backslid into the worship of multiple pagan gods which greatly angered the Lord so that he gave them into the hands of the Philistines and Ammonites who shattered and crushed them for a sad period of 18 years.

Eventually the Israelites repented of their sin and cried to God for help and deliverance, but God told them to resort to their pagan gods! Hence Israel got rid of their pagan idols and God agreed to help them as he couldn’t bear to see Israel in such misery any longer. Thus the Israelites faced the Ammonites with the agreement that whichever Israelite launched the attack would be made leader of Gilead.

Abimelech was the son of Gideon with a concubine in Shechem, and after Gideon’s death he conspired with the Shechemites against his 70 half-brothers to become king by killing his half-siblings and seizing power to rule over Israel for 3 years. Abimelech’s only half-brother to survive the slaughter was Jotham.

When Jotham learned of his brothers’ massacrer he climbed Mount Gerizim and shouted a parabolic curse upon the citizens of Shechem. Jotham’s parable said that the trees decided to anoint a king and first of all they approached the olive tree which turned it down saying it preferred its olive oil. Then the fig tree was approached which also refused kingship as it preferred its sweet fruit. Then the vine was offered the post but it also refused preferring to produce wine “which cheers gods and men”. Finally the trees approached the worthless thorn-bush (Abimelech) whom they made king! Jotham concluded by saying that if the people had acted honourably and in good faith then may they be happy with Abimelech. However if the opposite was the case then let fire consume them!

Abimelech, having ruled for 3 years, fell out with the Shechemites as “an evil spirit” came between them leading them to join forces with Gaal to overthrow Abimelech. However he got wind of the revolt and quelled it by attacking and destroying the city and covering it with salt! The last stronghold in the city was the Tower of Shechem which Abimelech set fire to killing a thousand people inside it.

Finally Abimelech attacked the city of Thebez where he also attacked its tower, but before he could set fire to it a woman dropped a millstone on his head cracking his skull. As he died he ordered his armour-bearer to finish him off with his sword as he was ashamed of being killed by a woman! The curse of Jotham had come to pass.

Initially in this chapter Gideon defuses a tense situation with the Ephraimites who objected to having been left out of the battle against the Midianites. Gideon and his 300 men were exhausted, but kept pursuing the remnant of the Midianite army and defeated the remaining 10,000 men at Karkor out of an original army of 120,000 men. Gideon also captured the Midianite kings Zebah and Zalmunna and he personally killed them.

Gideon took revenge on the towns of Succoth and Peniel for having refused to give them material support in the battle. They may have refused help because they were afraid of Midianite reprisals.

The Israelites were thrilled with Gideon’s defeat of Midian and wanted to make him King as a consequence, but Gideon turned this down. He however asked for the golden ear-rings from the plunder which gave him 19.5 kg of gold. With this he made a golden ephod which sadly became an object of idolatry for the people as well as for Gideon and his family.

During Gideon’s lifetime there was peace in Israel for 40 years. He had many wives, he had 70 sons, and still he had a son called Abimelech with a concubine! Gideon died at a ripe old age, and no sooner had he gone than the people returned to pagan Baal worship.

The Midianites and Israelites were camped on opposing sides of a valley when God told Gideon that he had too many men. So God told Gideon to instruct all that were afraid to go home, and 22,000 did so leaving just 10,000 fighting men. However God still felt the Israelites were too many, so he instructed Gideon to get the men to drink water and those that cupped the water in their hands would be chosen for battle, and just 300 remained! So God had reduced Israel from 32,000 to 300 to make sure Israel realized that the victory was given by God.

Gideon, encouraged by an overheard Midianite dream, led the 300 men to attack the Midianite camp at night, and using trumpets, torches and battle cries they sowed panic and mayhem in the camp causing them to turn on each other and flee, and producing a resounding victory for Israel. Then Gideon called in reinforcements to aid in the pursuit, and they captured and killed two of the Midianite leaders and took their heads to Gideon!

Having enjoyed 40 years of peace, after Deborah’s victory, sadly Israel fell back into its old sinful ways of pagan religion so that God gave them into the the hands of the Midianites for 7 years. They severely persecuted and impoverished Israel taking much of their crops and livestock.

So Israel cried to the Lord for help and he sent them a prophet to tell them the obvious that their plight was of their own idolatrous doing. Then the angel of the Lord appeared to a man called Gideon saying that the Lord was with him. Gideon questioned this fact in the light of Midianite domination. God told Gideon that he was sending him to deliver Israel from Midian, but Gideon saw himself as insufficient for the task. God however guaranteed that he would be with him to give victory over the Midianites.

So Gideon prepared a goat, broth and bread and offered it to the angel of the Lord placing it on a rock. Then the angel touched the rock with his staff and fire flared from the rock consuming everything, and there Gideon built an altar. That night God told Gideon to tear down the altar to Baal and cut down the pagan Asherah pole and erect there an altar to God where he should sacrifice a bull as a burnt offering. The following morning when the people saw what Gideon had done they wanted to kill him, but Gideon told them that if Baal was a real god he should be able to defend his own altar!

Then the Midianites, Amalekites and other eastern people faced up against Israel in the Valley of Jezreel. So Gideon put out a fleece to be sure God would give them the victory as promised, and the fleece was wet whilst the ground was dry as he had asked of the Lord. Yet still Gideon was in doubt and put out another fleece asking for a dry fleece this time on wet ground, and again this happened with the Lord confirming victory by his mercy and grace.

The song of Deborah contained in this chapter is a song of victory sung by judge and prophetess Deborah, leader of Israel, and Barak, her military commander, after having defeated the Canaanite king Jabin’s army and killed its commander Sisera. The song gives praise to God for being the cause of the victory, and highlights the courage of Jael, wife of Heber the Kenite, for killing Sisera. Deborah sang too about God raising her up as a mother in Israel when they were downtrodden by their enemies. She praised Israel’s army commanders for having followed her and Barak into their battle for freedom. She also commends the tribes that took part in the battle: Ephraim, Benjamin, Zebulon, Issachar and part of Manasseh, whilst criticizing the tribes that abstained: Reuben, Dan, Asher and part of Manasseh. Towards the end the song focuses on Sisera’s mother who will never see her son again. The song closes with a curse on all the Lord’s enemies and a blessing on all who love the Lord “like the sun when it rises in its strength”. Israel then enjoyed 40 years of peace.

This chapter is a real turn-up for the books within such a patriarchal society as Israel. For now a woman named Deborah was the judge who ruled the land! Israel had slipped back into disobedience after Ehud, and this led to them being dominated by a Canaanite king whose name was Jabin and whose army commander was Sisera. Sisera cruelly oppressed Israel for 20 years with his 900 iron chariots. Then Israel cried to the Lord for help.

It was judge and prophetess Deborah who led Israel out of their trouble. She commanded Barak to lead 10,000 men to Mount Tabor to there defeat Sisera, but Barak said he would only go if Deborah went with him, to which she agreed. They then engaged with Sisera in battle at Mount Tabor and delivered them a crushing defeat, with Sisera fleeing for his life to the tent of Jael, the wife of Heber the Kenite. She gave Sisera milk to drink as he was thirsty and exhausted, and then he went to sleep. There Jael drove a tent peg into his head and killed him.

So it was that Israel was delivered from the Canaanite king and his mighty army. Judge Deborah led Israel into routing Sisera’s army and Jael finished off Sisera who was the Canaanite army’s commander in chief! The women, Deborah and Jael, were used by God to bring complete victory to Israel!

The text starts by saying that God left the Canaanites, Hittites, Amorites, Perizzites, Hivites and Jebusites in the promised land to test Israel’s faithfulness and to give battle experience to the younger generation, but this living together led to inter-marriage and inter-religious practices.

When Israel served the pagan Baals and Asherahs God punished them with 8 years of domination by the king of north-west Mesopotamia called Cushan-Rishathaim. Only when the people turned back to the Lord did God raise up the delivering judge Othniel, who was Caleb’s younger brother, to set them free for a period of 40 years until Othniel died.

Then history repeated itself with the Israelites returning to paganism and prohibited inter-marriage resulting in them being 18 years under the rule of Eglon, king of Moab. Finally Israel cried unto the Lord who raised up a left-handed judge called Ehud (it is interesting this detail of being left-handed!) who tricked King Eglon into being alone with him and he stabbed him to death. The ensuing battle saw the death of 10,000 Moabites, the subjugation Moab and peace in the land for 80 years.

After Ehud came judge Shamgar who killed 600 Philistines with an ox-goad!

The angel of the Lord rebuked Israel at Bokim for not having driven out all the Canaanites and not having destroyed all their pagan religious sites. Hence the Canaanites “will be thorns in their sides and their gods will be snares to them”, and God will withdraw his support. Israel was devastated by this and offered sacrifices to the Lord.

However with time the post-Joshua generation turned to serving the Baal and Ashtoreth pagan gods leading to God withdrawing his support for Israel. (It is impressive how fickle the Israelites’ faith was and how easily they switch to worshipping pagan gods!)

So God raised up judges to fill the leadership vacuum in Israel. The judges had partial success in leading Israel, but very easily the people of God slipped back into apostacy. This made God very angry and he withdrew his support in driving out the Canaanites, which God said he would now use to test Israel.

The book of Judges covers a period of about 330 years following the death of Joshua. It was a time which stands in stark contrast to the blessings and conquests of the book of Joshua. For Judges is full of disobedience and idolatry leading to defeats and a cycle of apostacy.

Chapter 1 relates how the men of Judah and the Simeonites conquered the Canaanites and Perizzites. At Bezek they killed 10,000 men and captured King Adoni-Bezek cutting off his big toes and thumbs! It says they did this cruel act in retribution for him having done this previously to 70 kings. Then the men of Judah captured Jerusalem and attacked the Canaanites living in Hebron. In the on-going warfare Caleb promised his daughter Achsar in marriage to the man who helped him conquer Debir, so it was that Caleb’s younger brother Othniel conquered the city and married Achsar. The text goes on to show that the descendants of Moses’ father-in-law were intermingled with the tribe of Judah.

Then the tribes of Judah and Simeon conquered other Canaanite cities including Gaza. However victories were partial as the Israelites were unable to defeat the iron chariots in the plains, and they could not dislodge the Jebusites. Then they conquered Bethel, but in the region as a whole the Canaanites were never completely defeated and so they ended up co-habiting with Israel being frequently reduced to sources of forced labour.