Autor: eabrazil

This chapter starts with a tremendous conundrum as God incites David to count the fighting men of Israel and Judah and then ends up punishing them for exactly this which resulted in the death of 70,000 people!

Anyway, the count took 9 months and 20 days to complete the census of fighting men which showed that there were 800,000 able-bodied men in Israel that could handle a sword, and there were 500,000 in Judah. David recognized his sin in having conducted the census and asked forgiveness. Then God gave 3 options of punishment to David for having carried out the census and David opted for the 3 days of plague which killed 70,000 people.

So David purchased a threshing floor and there he built an altar for the Lord where he sacrificed burnt offerings and peace offerings to the Lord. Hence God answered prayer and the plague on Israel was stopped.

This chapter contains the final oracle of David which is a poem of praise to God thinking back over his reign and over his mighty warriors. David remembers God’s covenant with his house and the positive results of righteous rule. The oracle defines the ideal king as one who rules in righteousness and the fear of God, bringing light to the people as sun after the rain. And David compares the righteous ruler with a wicked one whom he describes as a thorny bush which is hard to handle.

Then David goes on to recall some of his most valiant warriors like Josheb-Basshebeth who killed 800 men in one go! Next he cited the case of Eleazar son of Dodai who stood his ground against the Philistines even when his fellow Israelites retreated, and he fought so hard that his hand froze to his sword! Next was Shammah who took his stand in the middle of a field. Then comes Abishai who killed 300 with his spear and next comes Benaiah who killed 2 of Moab’s best men and also killed a lion in a pit on a snowy day, and killed a huge Egyptian. He ends up listing more warriors who were less famous. It is interesting to notice that the last warrior listed is Uriah the Hittite who was the husband of Bathsheba.

This song of praise is also found in Psalm 18. In this song David praises God for his power and protection. God is his rock, fortress, deliverer, refuge, shield and the strength of his salvation. David praises God for delivering him from the jaws of death and poetically describes God’s power like the thunder and lightning of nature. He says that God delivered him and brought him into a spacious place. He says God is his lamp which turns his darkness into light, and with God he can run through a barricade or even scale a wall! He says God makes his feet like the feet of a deer and he praises God for all his victories. He says the Lord lives! Praise be to my Rock! Exalted be God, my Rock, my Saviour!

David asked God what the cause was of a 3-year famine in Israel and God said it was because of Saul’s killing of the Gibeonites which had betrayed Israel’s oath to spare them. So David asked the Gibeonites what could be done to make amends for the wrong done to them. They requested 7 male descendants of Saul to be killed by them and to be exposed by them on a hill at Gibeah, and this David gave to them, whilst saving Jonathan’s son Mephibosheth because of David’s oath to Jonathan. Rizpah, mother of the dead men, held a vigil over the dead men’s abandoned bodies defending them from scavengers. Upon hearing of this David was provoked to give them a decent burial together with the bones of Saul and Jonathan in the tomb of Saul’s father Kish. Thus the atonement having been made God ended the famine.

The end of this chapter relates further battles between Israel and the Philistines. In the first David became exhausted and had to be rescued by Abishai. The next battles were at Gob where apparently the brother of Goliath was killed. Then came a further battle at Gath where a huge man was killed who had 6 fingers and 6 toes!

Following on from Absalom’s rebellion now was the turn of Sheba, a Benjamite, to revolt against David. The men of Israel supported Sheba but not the men of Judah. With David now back in Jerusalem he put his 10 concubines in a house under guard, but didn’t have sex with them ever again after Absalom’s abuse of them. David them sent men loyal to him to pursue Sheba, and when they got to Gibeon Amasa met with Joab who had never got over his substitution as commander of David’s army. Joab took his chance to get his own back against Amasa, stabbed him with his dagger in his belly, his intestines spilled out onto the ground, and he died. Then all the troops proceeded with Joab and besieged Sheba at Abel Beth Maacah. There a wise woman negotiated a solution for the stand-off offering Sheba’s head for peace, and this was agreed. So Joab was reestablished as David’s army commander.

David kept on weeping and mourning the death of his rebellious son Absalom so that he was failing to thank his soldiers for having fought for him. Thus Joab denounced this imbalance of emotions and told David that is he didn’t show gratitude to the men he would soon lose their backing. David heeded Joab and got up and took his seat in the gateway demonstrating his willingness to be reinstated as king with the support of the army.

Initially there was disagreement as to who should now be king after the Absalom fiasco, but David made a clever diplomatic and political move appointing Amasa, who had been the commander of Absalom’s army, as commander of his army replacing Joab, and this unified support for David so that the men sent word to David to return to Jerusalem as king.

When David crossed the River Jordan Shimei met him together with a thousand Benjamites and pleaded for forgiveness for having cursed David and thrown stones at him. Abishai said that Shimei should be put to death, but David wouldn’t hear of it. David forgave Shimei and promised him freedom to live. Then Mephibosheth came to David and said that his servant Ziba deceived and betrayed him on the occasion of Ziba’s earlier encounter with David, and that he had only not gone with David when he fled because he was lame. As a consequence David divided Mephibosheth’s land half and half between him and Ziba though the text is not clear how this ended up. Finally David spoke to Barzillai and invited him to go with him to Jerusalem but he declined alleging old age, and he sent his servant in his place.

Tensions were always near the surface between the men of Israel and the men of Judah, with the former group accusing the latter group of leaving them out of the reinstatement of David as king. A fierce argument ensued.

Astute military man David carefully planned and organized his army into 3 sections led by Joab, Abishai and Ittai. David wanted to go to battle too but his generals would not hear of it as he was too valuable an asset, so David stayed behind asking for his men to go carefully with Absalom! So the battle took place in the Ephraim Forest where David’s men defeated Absalom’s men killing 20,000 men. Then Absalom came to his end in an unusual way. For whilst riding his mule through the forest his hair got caught up in the branches of an oak tree, the mule kept doing leaving Absalom dangling from the tree. Joab had no mercy and plunged 3 spears into Absalom’s heart, and once he was dead the battle came to an end.

When word reached David of his son’s death he was devastated and went into a period of profound mourning. David withdrew, despite everything, and wept saying, “O my son Absalom. If only I had died instead of you”!

Absalom sought counsel on how to consolidate his coup by eliminating or capturing his father David. Counsellor Ahithophel proposed a surprise attack against David with an elite force of 12,000 men, but Hushai countered this plan saying David was too wiley to fall for this. Hushai proposed a mass attack mobilizing the entire Israelite army which appealed to Absalom’s vanity and this ploy was adopted. However secretly Hushai sent word to David telling him of the plan and advising David and his men to immediately cross the Jordan to a safer location which he did. When Ahithophel realized that his proposal had not been followed he hung himself! Then Shobi, Makir and Barzillai took abundant supplies to David and his men because they were hungry, tired and thirsty in the desert.

David continued his flight from Absalom and after going beyond the summit of the Mount of Olives he met Ziba, steward of Mephibosheth, who gushingly gave him donkeys laden with provisions. David asked after Mephibosheth and Ziba dubiously said that he had stayed behind in the hopes of regaining the throne previously belonging to his grandfather. (This story will be contested by Mephibosheth in chapter 19) But David believed Ziba and gave him the land belonging to Mephibosheth.

Then a member of Saul’s clan named Shimei came and started cursing David and throwing stones at him and his officials. Abishai wanted to go and kill Shimei but David wouldn’t allow it seeing the cursing as a possible message from God.

Meanwhile Absalom set himself up as king in Jerusalem seeking to put into effect the coup, and Ahithophel was with him as was David’s friend and spy Hushai. Ahithophel advised Absalom to make his claim to the throne clear cut ending all possibility of a rapprochement with his father by having sex with his father’s concubines and this he did.

For 4 years Absalom conducted a subtle campaign of self-promotion in Israel undermining his father King David’s authority. He then went to Hebron where he staged a coup by declaring himself king following him receiving growing support from many people. Word then came to David in Jerusalem that “the hearts of the men of Israel were with Absalom” and David fled Jerusalem to avoid bloodshed and civil war because of the rebellion. David left his 10 concubines to take care of the palace and he marched around Israel accompanied by a large following. David sent the ark back to Jerusalem with Zadok the priest and his son Abiathar, but David went weeping with his head covered and barefoot up the Mount of Olives. It was a demonstration of humility, mourning and grief. He then sent his friend Hushai to Jerusalem to try and frustrate Ahithophel’s advice to Absalom who was then arriving back in the city.

Joab, King David’s army commander, knew how much David was missing his son Absalom so he devised a plan to promote their reconciliation. He got a wise woman from Tekoa to come and spin a yarn to the king telling him that one of her son’s had killed the other, people wanted vengeance, but she asked David to grant her son  pardon, which he readily did. The woman then revealed the true intention of her visit by asking David why he didn’t grant a pardon to his son Absalom for having killed his brother. David questioned if Joab was behind this, and upon learning that he was he granted permission for Joab to go and get Absalom, though he would have to stay at his own house out of contact and view of the king.

Absalom was extremely handsome and when he cut his hair on rare occasions it would weigh over 2 kg. He had 3 sons and a daughter whom he named Tamar in honour of his sister of the same name, and she became very beautiful. When Absalom had spent 2 years back in Jerusalem he sent for Joab to try and change the situation, but Joab ignored him until he set alight his barley field which soon had him running! Absalom said he would be better living back in Geshur if he wasn’t going to see his father, so upon hearing this David finally summoned his son Absalom and the king kissed him.

Amnon fell in love with his half-sister Tamar and he was so obsessed with her as to become ill because he could see no way that he could have her. Then with the help of his friend Jonadab he engineered a way to get Tamar to his room where he grabbed her and tried to seduce her to have sex with him. Tamar resisted and said no way so Amnon used his superior strength and raped her. Amnon’s frustration then came to a head and his love for Tamar turned to hate. Tamar became a desolate woman after having been raped and Absalom felt deep hate for Amnon because he had disgraced his sister.

2 years later Absalom’s sheep-shearers were gathered at Baal Hazor and he invited King David’s sons insisting that Amnon had to come. Absalom then gave his men orders to kill Amnon at the height of the party. When they did this all the other sons of David fled, and a false rumour reached David that they had all been killed. When David however met his sons they all wept together and he mourned the death of his son every day, and Absalom fled to Geshur where he stayed for 3 years. David missed Absalom and came to terms with Amnon’s death.

God sent Nathan to confront David about his sinful affair with Bathsheba through a parable. He said there was a wealthy man with a large number of livestock and a poor man who only had one pet lamb. When a visitor came the rich man didn’t prepare a meal using his flocks and herds, but killed the poor man’s lamb! David was livid about the evil practiced, but Nathan told him that he was the rich man who had had Uriah killed and taken his wife. Nathan prophesied that God would therefore bring calamity upon David as a result of his sin,  and that someone close to him would have sex with his wives in broad daylight. David confessed his sin which was forgiven by God, but his punishment was the death of his son with Bathsheba. David comforted her and then they had another son called Solomon.

Then David mustered the army and attacked and captured Rabbah, and he took the 34 kg crown of gold and precious stones of their king and it was placed on his head. David took a great amount of plunder and put all the Ammonites into hard labour.

Joab was away besieging Rabbah with the Israelite army, but David remained in Jerusalem. He already had 7 wives, but one day he saw Bathsheba bathing, desired her, sent for her and had sex with her whilst her husband Uriah the Hittite was away with the army. When Bathsheba was confirmed pregnant she sent word to David.

David tried to cover his tracks by sending to bring Uriah back from war and tried to get him to sleep with his wife, but he refused in the name of solidarity with the troops he had left behind. When David sent Uriah back to the siege he told Joab to put Uriah on the front line of battle where he was most likely to die and this was what happened. So when Bathsheba’s period of mourning was over David took her as his 8th wife and she bore him a son. But the thing that David had done displeased the Lord.

David sent a delegation to express sympathies for the death of King Nahash of the Ammonites, but the lovely gesture backfired and was seen as an exploit of spying. So the late king’s son Hanun seized David’s men, shaved half of their beards off, cut off their clothes in the middle of their buttocks and sent them away in this humiliating state! There then evolved a battle between the Ammonites supported by the Arameans against Israel, but Joab used clever tactics and soon the Arameans fled leading to the Ammonites fleeing too. Later the Arameans re-grouped but Israel successfully counter-attacked killing 700 charioteers and 40,000 soldiers. The Arameans learnt their lesson and became afraid to help the Ammonites.

David made enquiries as to whether there were any descendants left of Saul’s family so that he could show them kindness for his great late friend Jonathan’s sake with whom he had made a covenant. He learnt that Jonathan’s crippled son Mephibosheth was alive and well, so he had him brought to the palace, and restored to him all his grandfather Saul’s land. Mephibosheth was overwhelmed and asked what a dead dog like him had done to deserve it? David instructed Saul’s servants to farm the land for Mephibosheth and said that he would aways eat at the palace like one of his sons.

This chapter relates the victories of David over the Philistines, Moabites, Edomites, Ammonites and Arameans. The method of killing the Moabites was strange as they were made to lie down and were measured by a cord and were killed, or not, according to their height! David fought King Hadadezer of Zobah to restore his control of the River Euphrates and he captured 1,000 chariots, 7,000 charioteers and 20,000 soldiers. He also hamstrung all the horses except 100! When the Arameans came in support of Hadadezer David killed 22,000 of them and took lots of gold and bronze from them. David also killed 18,000 Edomites in the Valley of Salt.

The chapter concludes by showing what a well organized, just and efficient ruler David was. Joab was his army commander, Zadok and Ahimelech were priests, Seraiah was secretary, Benaiah was a regional ruler and David’s sons were royal advisers.

After King David had settled in his beautiful palace, and things were peaceful on the battle front, David started toying with the idea of building a temple to match his palace. However God spoke to David through the prophet Nathan that this wasn’t what God desired. To the contrary God’s concern was with David’s “house” or dynasty and not with physical constructions. God wanted to establish David’s “house” so that there will be Davidic kings long after his own death, promising to establish his lineage and throne forever. This covenant is a foundational promise for the lineage of the Messiah, Jesus Christ.

David replied to God in prayer questioning who he was to be so blessed? He exalts the greatness of God asking who is like the Lord and who can be compared with the nation of Israel? David yet praises the sovereignty of God and the trustworthiness of his word which assures him that the house of David will be blessed forever.

David chose 30,000 men to bring the ark to Jerusalem. They set the ark on a new cart and celebrated with songs and musical instruments as they moved along. However there was a hitch when the oxen stumbled and Uzzah reached out for the ark which angered God who struck him down and he died there and then. This in turn angered David for Uzzah having died and so David held off on receiving the ark in Jerusalem immediately leaving it with Obed-Edom for 3 months. Finally after all went well for this period David brought the ark to Jerusalem and David was overjoyed dancing before the Lord with shouts and the sound of trumpets. Then David sacrificed burnt offerings and fellowship offerings and fed all the people. When he eventually got home one of his wives, Michal, criticized him for his dancing so she ended up sterile for the rest of her life.

Finally at this point the elders of Israel anointed David King over Israel. So David had reigned 7 and a half years over Judah, then reigned 33 years over Israel and Judah united, making a total reign of 40 years.

When King Ish-Bosheth heard of Abner’s death he became despondent. Jonathan had a son called Mephibosheth who was lame in both feet as a result of a fall with his nurse when news reached them of Saul and Jonathan’s deaths.

Then 2 of Ish-Bosheth’s captains, Recab and Baanah, went to Ish-Bosheth’s house and upon finding him having his after lunch nap they stabbed him in the stomach and cut off his head! They then took it to David probably expecting a reward. David however was livid and ordered his men to execute them. They cut off their hands and feet and hung their bodies by the Hebron pool. Then they took Ish-Bosheth’s head and buried it in Abner’s tomb at Hebron.

While David was at Hebron he had 6 sons born, all of different women. David thus had 7 wives at this stage, as he was about to recover Michal the daughter of Saul.

The war between the house of Saul (Israel) and the house of David (Judah) was perpetuated for a long time. However Israel’s King Ish-Bosheth fell out with his army commander Abner and this resulted in Abner switching allegiance to King David. Abner negotiated with David the uniting of the kingdom under King David and things were progressing very well to this end. However Joab interfered, not understanding the healthy negotiations that were going on, and he killed Abner in revenge for him having killed his brother Asahel previously. David was furious and wept out loud at the funeral to the extent that it became clear to the people that David had no connection to the killing and was totally opposed to it.

After some time God directed David, his 2 wives, his men and their families to go and settle in Hebron and there the men came and anointed him king of the house of Judah, where he reigned for 7 and a half years. However Ish-Bosheth, son of Saul, was made king of Israel reigning for 2 years, and the familiar theme of rivalry between Saul’s and David’s families soon resurfaced. Fighting initially took place between 2 groups of 12 men involved in armed wrestling, but this evolved into a full-scale battle which David’s men won.

Following this the very fast runner from David’s men called Asahel chased the fleeing Abner who was the commander of Saul’s men’s army, but it was Abner who won the duel driving his spear right through Asahel! Then the 2 sides of this civil war tried to calm things down after David’s side losing 19 men and Abner’s side losing 360, but the civil war was far from over.

We now come to the second book of Samuel which tells about David’s reign as king of Israel and the establishment of Jerusalem as Israel’s capital. It shows the successes and failures of David, including the sad Bathsheba story, and on the other hand speaks of the enduring covenant which God made with him.

This chapter begins with an Amalekite telling David that Saul and Jonathan were dead. When David sought confirmation of the deaths the man said that he himself had found Saul in the throes of death from battle and that he finished him off as Saul had requested. The man brought Saul’s crown with him. So David had him executed for having killed the Lord’s anointed and he mourned the deaths of Saul and Jonathan. He said “How the mighty have fallen!.. Saul and Jonathan – in life they were loved and gracious and in death they were not parted. They were swifter than eagles and stronger than lions… O daughters of Israel, weep for Saul… I grieve for you Jonathan my brother… your love for me was more wonderful than that of women”!

The Philistines inflicted a heavy defeat on Israel on Mount Gilboa killing many, including Saul’s sons Jonathan, Abinadab and Malki-Shua. Then the archers overtook Saul wounding him critically, so he ordered his armour-bearer to draw his sword and kill him as he didn’t want to die and be tortured by uncircumcised Philistines, but he couldn’t bring himself to do it, so Saul committed suicide by falling on to his own sword. The Philistines cut off Saul’s head and fastened his body to the wall of Beth-shan, together with the bodies of his sons. When the valiant men of Jabesh Gilead heard about this they attacked and took down the bodies to give them a decent burial under a Tamarisk tree.

David and his men returned to Ziklag and found that the Amalekites had attacked it, set it on fire and captured the women, sons and daughters. David and the men sobbed, and the men blamed David and even talked about stoning him, but David found strength in the Lord. David consulted God regarding what action to take, through the priest Abiathar and the ephod, and he was encouraged to rescue their families. The 600 men set out in hot pursuit of the Amalekites, but when they got to the Besor Ravine 200 men were too exhausted to carry on. The remaining 400 men pressed on until they encountered an Egyptian slave from the Amalekites who was able to guide David to their goal. Then David and the men attacked the Amalekites and killed many of them, and David recovered everything that had been lost including his 2 wives. Some uncharitable men upon their return to Ziklag didn’t want to share the plunder with the 200 exhausted men who stayed behind, but David wouldn’t hear of such a thing. He said that all shall share alike.

David’s ironical intention to fight alongside the Philistines gathered at Aphek came to nothing when the Philistine commanders understandably objected for fear of David switching allegiance during the fighting. So Achish, full of apologies, asked David and his men to go back to Ziklag which is what they did.

A great battle with the Philistines was imminent and Saul was terrified when he saw the opposing army. So Saul sought guidance from God but received no word from dreams, Urim or prophets. Hence he searched for a medium at Endor, the witch of Endor, despite himself having banned spiritists and mediums from the land! Saul disguised himself and went at night to ask the witch to consult a spirit for him. The woman was initially reticent, but went ahead after assurances from Saul. So Saul asked for her to bring up Samuel and at this she realized who Saul was. Saul then consulted Samuel as to the outcome of the imminent battle and he told Saul that the Philistines would win and he and his sons would die. Saul was devastated and the woman was petrified by the outcome of the occult consultation, so she insisted on Saul and his men eating a meal with her before leaving.

David had had enough of being hunted by Saul so he came up with the idea of living amongst the Philistines as there would be out of reach for Saul. The plan worked as David, his 2 wives Ahinoam and Abigail, and his 600 men lived there with no problem for 1 year and 4 months. They were given the town of Ziklag by Achish son of the king of Gath. From there David would conduct raids against the Geshurites, the Girzites and the Amalekites although he used to tell Achish that he was attacking non-Philistine peoples. In every raid David left nobody alive and captured all the livestock.

David now was in the Desert of Ziph and the Ziphites told Saul that he was there. So Saul went there with 3,000 men and camped for the night beside the road. In the night David went to Saul’s camp with Abishai when everyone was sleeping. They crept up to where Saul was and Abishai urged David to kill Saul, but David would not touch the Lord’s anointed. They just picked up Saul’s spear and water jug and withdrew. The following morning David reprimanded Abner, Saul’s army captain, for the lax guarding of the king and produced the king’s spear and water jug as proof. Upon recognizing David’s voice Saul was grateful for the reprieve and again promised he wouldn’t chase David again, and he blessed David.

Samuel died and all Israel mourned before burying him at his home in Ramah.

Then David moved to the Desert of Maon where there lived Nabal and Abigail. She was intelligent and beautiful but he was bad-tempered, unfriendly and mean, despite being very rich with 1,000 goats and 3,000 sheep. David sent some men to get some supplies from Nabal as he was owing him favours, but Nabal humiliated the men and sent them away empty handed. David was infuriated by Nabal’s treatment and set out with 400 men to take vengeance. However Abigail got to hear what at happened and intervened taking 200 loaves of bread, 2 skins of wine, 5 dressed sheep, 37 litres of roasted corn, 100 raisin cakes and 200 pressed figs cakes to David. Her beautiful gesture and kind words turned away David’s wrath as she begged forgiveness. When Abigail got home, having solved the problem caused by her irrational callous husband, she told him what she had done. Nabal suddenly became ill and died within a few days, and Abigail became David’s wife together with Ahinoam, but he had already separated from Michal.

Saul continued his pursuit of David near the Crags of the Wild Goats together with 3,000 men, and he went into a cave to relieve himself not knowing that hidden in that cave was David himself. David crept up on Saul and could easily have killed him, but he would not do harm to the anointed of the Lord. Instead David cut off a corner off his robe secretly. Outside the cave David presented to Saul the piece of his robe and explained to him how easily he could have killed him. Saul wept and said that David was much more righteous than he was. He said may the Lord reward you well for the way you treated me today. He said he was sure that one day David would be king and he asked David to swear to not harm his family, to which David agreed.

David heard that the town of Keilah was being attacked by the Philistines so he sought God’s guidance as to whether he should intervene and received the green light. The ensuing battle saw David and his men inflict heavy losses on the Philistines as they saved the people of Keilah.

However word reached Saul of David’s whereabouts so he called up his men to besiege David and his men at Keilah. When David was tipped off concerning Saul’s plan he consulted God through the priest Abiathar who confirmed that Saul was on his way and that the people would hand over David in the event of a siege. Hence David and his 600 men escaped and stayed in the strongholds of the Desert of Ziph. There Jonathan sought him out and encouraged him in the Lord. Saul kept pursuing David into the Desert of Maon, but when Saul was closing in on him word reached him of a Philistine raid, so he was forced to go and deal with that, and David went up from there to live in the strongholds of En Gedi.

David left Gath and went to the cave of Adullam where his family joined him with his father’s household. Thus leader David soon had a group of 400 men with him. Then David went to Mizpah where he left his parents with the king of Moab, doubtless for their protection. Then David left for the forest of Hereth in Judah.

By this time Saul found out that David had been at Nob from his chief shepherd Doeg the Edomite who had seen David there. He told Saul of Ahimelech’s help given to David including the giving of Goliath’s sword. Saul was livid accusing his own men of treachery and Ahimelech and his priests as well. Then Saul ordered his men to kill the priests, but in view of the fact that they refused, he ordered Doeg the Edomite to do it, and he killed no less than 85 priests! They went on to slaughter the people and livestock of Nob! Just Abiathar, son of Ahimelech, managed to escape and joined forces with David.

David went to Nob and spoke with the priest Ahimelech inventing that he was on a secret mission for the king. He asked him for bread, but Ahimelech didn’t have normal bread so he gave him consecrated bread from the tabernacle. Unfortunately one of Saul’s servants was there and saw him, and David felt vulnerable being unarmed so asked Ahimelech for a weapon and he gave him Goliath’s sword which was stored there.

From Nob David fled to Gath but people soon recognized him as the warrior who had slain tens of thousands, so this left David feeling very apprehensive. The only way that David could think of to protect himself was to feign insanity and he completely deceived King Achish of Gad.

David discussed with Jonathan the inexplicable persecution by his father Saul. Jonathan insisted that everything would be alright and that David wasn’t going to die, but David knew he was but a step from death. Hence David wanted to avoid dining with Saul at the New Moon Festival as was planned and so they invented a story that David had gone to Bethlehem. If Saul was alright about this then all well and good, but if he went into a rage his murderous intent would be clear, and Jonathan would let David know through a pre-arranged signal firing arrows near where he was hidden. As it happened Saul was furious at David’s absence and nearly killed Jonathan in the process. When David and Jonathan met they wept profusely as they knew beyond doubt of Saul’s intent to murder David. They then swore a friendship pact, David left and Jonathan went back to town.

This chapter tells further about the erratic paranoic behaviour by Saul as he told his son Jonathan and his counsellors to kill David. However Jonathan tipped off David and told him he would work on his father to the contrary. Saul initially listened to his son and swore not to kill David, but he soon forgot his oath and tried again to kill him with his spear.

Then Saul sent men to David’s house to kill him, but his wife Michal warned him and helped him escape to where Samuel was and told him all that was happening. When Saul heard where David was he sent men to capture him, but the men saw Samuel and other prophets prophesying and the spirit of God came on them and they prophesied too! Eventually Saul went to see what was going on and he ended up prophesying too!

David and Saul’s son Jonathan became very close friends indeed as David stayed with Saul permanently. David was very successful in all he did, as the Lord was with him, so Saul gave him a high rank in the army. But as David started to get more praise than the king he became increasingly jealous, and one day, under the influence of an evil spirit from God, Saul twice tried to spear David but David was too quick and escaped. So Saul sent David away with a thousand troops but nothing hindered David’s success, and he became increasingly popular with the people.

Then Saul offered David his daughter Merab in marriage, but he turned her down. Next another of Saul’s daughters Michal fell in love with David so Saul offered her too in marriage, so as to serve as a snare to him, and the price would be 100 Philistine foreskins. This time David accepted the bride and proceeded to kill more that his stipulated quota and killed 200 Philistines. David became increasingly well known and Saul saw that the Lord was with him, and he considered him as his enemy.

Israel and the Philistines were lining up for another battle in the Valley of Elah. However a 3 metre tall Philistine giant challenged any Israelite with a winner takes all dual, but nobody would take the giant on as both Saul and all the Israelites were terrified. Goliath challenged the Israelites every morning for 40 days but nobody had the courage to face the giant. Then however young David was sent to the war front to take food to his older brothers, and he heard Goliath throwing down the gauntlet. So David offered to fight Goliath in the name of the Lord, but Saul said he wasn’t up to it. David retorted that he had killed both lion and bear whilst caring for the sheep so he believed God would deliver him from this Philistine giant. So Saul eventually gave in and said go, and the Lord be with you! Saul then put his armour on David but it didn’t feel right so he took it off, and advanced towards the giant with his staff in his hand, 5 stones in his bag and a sling. When Goliath saw that his Israelite opponent was just a boy he ridiculed him and cursed him by his gods. David reacted saying that Goliath might come with sword, spear and javelin, but he came in the name of the Lord! Then as the giant advanced towards him David put a stone in his sling and struck Goliath on his forehead knocking him out! He then took Goliath’s own sword and beheaded him. At this all the Philistines turned and ran, and the Israelites chased them back to their cities of Ekron and Gath killing many on the way. Meanwhile David took Goliath’s head to Jerusalem and kept his weapons as souvenirs in his tent. Saul was impressed by David to put it mildly.

God told Samuel to stop bemoaning Saul as he had now rejected him. So God told Samuel to fill his anointing horn with oil and go to the house of Jesse in Bethlehem because he had chosen one of his sons to be the next king. When Samuel saw the first son he was impressed, but God said he wasn’t the chosen one as God looks at the heart rather than outward appearance. This routine was repeated various times but never was the son God’s choice. Samuel asked if there were any more sons and Jesse said there was just the youngest out tending the sheep. When they sent and got David God told Samuel straight away to rise and anoint him, and from that day the Spirit of the Lord came on David in power.

However the Spirit of the Lord had left Saul and an evil spirit from the Lord tormented him. So Saul’s attendants sought out someone who could play the harp to sooth him and they came upon David who fitted that bill. Therefore David entered Saul’s service and Saul liked him, and every time Saul got down David would play the harp and the evil spirit would leave him.

God told Saul, through Samuel, that he was to attack the Amalekites as punishment for their ill treatment of Israel years earlier, and that he should annihilate them by killing every man, woman, child, infant, cattle, sheep, camels and donkeys! So Saul set forth with an army 210,000 strong and attacked and destroyed the enemy east of Egypt. He captured their king Agag, killed the rest except the best of the cattle and the sheep.

God was most upset by Saul’s disobedience and grieved that he had made him king. He told Samuel to sort Saul out and when he went after him he had gone to set up a monument in his own honour at Carmel. When they eventually met up Saul said he had done with the Amalekites what God had requested, but Samuel questioned this as he could hear sheep bleating and cattle lowing! Saul’s excuse was that the best animals had been kept to sacrifice to the Lord, to which Samuel retorted that obedience was better than sacrifice! He sternly rebuked Saul in the name of the Lord telling him that because he had rejected the word of the Lord God was rejecting him as king.

Saul asked forgiveness but Samuel said that God would not change his mind. However Samuel and Saul did eventually worship the Lord together prior to Samuel executing King Agag. From that day onwards Samuel and Saul parted ways and never met again.

Jonathan went and attacked a Philistine outpost and killed 20 men, having received a sign from God that he was favourable to the endeavour, but his father Saul was not aware of the initiative. The surprise attack by Jonathan sowed panic amongst the Philistines, made worse by an accompanying earthquake. When Saul saw the Philistine disarray he attacked an enemy that was so confused that they even ended up fighting each other, and God helped Israel drive the Philistines back beyond Beth Aven.

Saul banned his troops from even eating so as to keep them focused and cursed anyone that ate, but of course this made the troops faint. Jonathan didn’t know about his father’s curse and ate wild honey so that when Saul discovered this he wanted to kill him. But the men refused to let this happen in the light of his warfare achievements.

The exhausted and famished troops, having struck down the Philistines from Michmash to Aijalon, butchered the plundered livestock and sinned eating it with the blood. But in Saul’s reign Israel was victorious over Moab, the Ammonites, Edom, the kings of Zobah, the Philistines and the Amalekites.

Saul’s sons were Jonathan, Ishvi and Malki-Shua, and his eldest daughter was Merab and his youngest was Michal. His wife’s name was Ahinoam and his army commander was Abner. Throughout Saul’s 42-year reign there were constant wars with the Philistines.

Saul was 30-years-of-age when he became king and his reign lasted 42 years. He chose 3,000 men from Israel and sent the rest home. When Jonathan attacked the Philistine outpost at Geba this stirred things up. So Saul had the trumpets blown throughout the land and summoned the people to join him and Gilgal. But the Philistines massed forces against them at Michmash with 3,000 chariots, 6,000 charioteers and innumerous soldiers. This caused panic and widespread desertion by the Israelites who hid anywhere they could, but Saul remained at Gilgal despite the 600 troops with him quaking with fear.

Then to make things worse Saul took the law into his own hands when Samuel was late to offer the pre-battle sacrifices, and Saul went ahead and did it himself! This was an outrageous error as such rituals were exclusively the domain of priests and this sin would cost Saul his kingly dynasty.

Things only got worse because the Israelites also found themselves unarmed for a lack of blacksmiths to sharpen their weapons to the point that on the day of the battle the soldiers found themselves without swords or spears!

Samuel’s farewell speech starts by reminding Israel that he had always been prepared to listen to the people even if meant installing a king against God’s ideal will. He stressed how honest he had always been as judge to which the people agreed. He then warned the people to be careful to be faithful to God and not repeat the errors of the paganism of the past. Samuel said that if the people and the King remained faithful in following the Lord then all well and good, but if they rebelled against his commands then God’s hand would be against them.

Samuel then charged the people to stand still and observe what God was about to do, and he called upon God to send thunder and rain on the wheat harvest and this took place the same day leaving the people in awe of God and of Samuel. Thus Samuel condemned idolatry and useless idols and challenged them to be sure to always fear the Lord and serve him faithfully with all their hearts.

Nahash the Ammonite besieged Jabesh Gilead so that the people proposed a treaty with him involving their subservience to him. Nahash struck a hard bargain saying he would only make a treaty if he could gouge out the right eye of the entire population of Jabesh Gilead! When word reached Saul of this the Spirit of God came upon him with power and he burned with anger. He cut a pair of oxen into pieces and dispatched them throughout Israel saying that whoever didn’t follow Saul and Samuel would see their oxen suffer the same fate. The terror of the Lord fell on the people and united them so that when Saul mustered them at Bezek there were 300,000 from Israel and 30,000 from Judah, and they sent word to Jabesh Gilead that the following day they would be delivered. Saul divided his men into 3 divisions and broke into the camp of the Ammonites and slaughtered most of them.

After this great victory the people wanted to kill those who had doubted Saul’s capacity as King, but Saul did not allow it. So Samuel called all to go to Gilgal and there reaffirm Saul’s kingship with great celebration and sacrifices of fellowship offerings in the presence of the Lord!

Samuel now privately and secretly anoints Saul King pouring a flask of oil on his head and kissing him. He then provides Saul with 3 confirming signs and experiences which will follow. He says that Saul will meet up with 2 men near Rachel’s tomb at Zelzah who will tell him his father’s donkeys have been found. He will next meet 3 men by the great tree of Tabor who are going up to Bethel with offerings. The men will offer him 2 loaves of bread which he should accept. The third sign will be meeting a procession of prophets which Saul will join and the Spirit of God will come upon him in power. All 3 of these signs were fulfilled that very day. People were surprised when they saw Saul prophesying.

Then  Samuel summoned the people at Mizpah and announced Saul as King, but they couldn’t find him because he was hidden in the baggage! When they got him out Samuel told the people to look at the man God had chosen, and the people shouted: “Long live the King”! Samuel then proceeded to explain the regulations of the Kingship. The assembly ended and Saul went home to Gibeah accompanied by valiant men, but there were some people opposed to his rule.

Saul, son of Kish, was a Benjamite who was taller than all the Israelites. He went searching for his father’s lost donkeys but he couldn’t find them. So he and his servants decided to seek out the man of God Samuel to see if he could help them find the donkeys. They met some girls on the way who confirmed that Samuel was in town, and then they bumped into Samuel.

The previous day God had told Samuel that he would send him a Benjamite whom he should anoint King. God said that this Benjamite would deliver Israel from the Philistines.

When Saul met Samuel he didn’t realize he was the seer he was looking for, but Samuel told him to relax about the lost donkeys as they had been found. He then invited Saul to eat with him and spend the night there, saying that Saul was the man who would fulfil the desire of all Israel for a King. Saul was taken aback questioning this because he was from the most insignificant clan from the smallest tribe of Israel. Samuel sat Saul at the head of the table for their meal together and gave him choice meat. The following morning Samuel asked Saul to send his servant on ahead because he had a message to give him before he left from God.

When Samuel was old he appointed his sons Joel and Abijah to be judges but they were not like their father and turned to corruption. So Israel’s elders asked him for a king to lead them like other nations had, and this displeased Samuel. Samuel consulted the Lord about this and he told him to listen to the people but warn them of what to expect from a king. So Samuel told Israel that they would be exploited by kings who would be oppressive and abuse power, even conscripting their sons, daughters and land. But the people had their minds made up wouldn’t heed Samuel’s warnings. They wanted a king to be like other nations and he will lead them in battles. So the Lord told Samuel to listen to the people and give them a king.

Having been brought from Beth Shemesh the ark was taken to Kiriath Jearim where it remained for 20 years as Israel mourned and sought after the Lord. So Samuel said that if they really meant it they should get rid of their pagan gods, and this they did. Then all Israel assembled at Mizpah under Samuel’s leadership and fasted and confessed their sins. When the Philistines got word of Israel’s assembly they approached to attack them, and Israel was scared. But Samuel sacrificed a lamb and cried to God, so that great thunder made the Philistines panic and Israel rushed out of Mizpah and routed them! Then Samuel set up a remembrance stone and named it Ebenezer saying ‘thus far has the Lord helped us’! Hence the Philistines were subdued and did not invade Israelite territory again. Thus Samuel continued as judge over Israel all the days of his life.

The Philistines had had the ark in their custody for 7 months when they called for their priests and diviners to decide how to send it back to its rightful place. They suggested that the ark should be returned with a guilt offering of 5 gold tumours and 5 gold rats symbolizing what they had been facing. So they put the ark with the guilt offering on a cart drawn by 2 cows and set them off in direction of Canaan, and when the people of Beth Shemesh saw the ark they were over the moon. They chopped up the cart and sacrificed the cows as a burnt offering, observed at a distance by the 5 Philistine rulers who then went back to Ekron. However 70 men at Beth Shemesh died as a result of looking inside the ark of the covenant. However the good thing was that the ark was back in Israel.